Maya calendar
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in many modern commu-nities in the Guatemalan highlands,
[1]
Veracruz, Oaxaca
and Chiapas, Mexico.
[2]
The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a
system which had been in common use throughout the
region, dating back to at least the 5th century BCE. It
shares many aspects with calendars employed by other
earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec
and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the
Mixtec and Aztec calendars.
[3]
By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in
Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late
Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna
is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of
the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with
writingingeneralandotherfoundationalaspectsofMaya
culture.
[4]
1 Overview
The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or counts of
differentlengths. The260-daycountisknowntoscholars
as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in.
[5]
The Tzolkin was combined
with a 365-day vague solar year known as the Haab' to
form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haab', called the
Calendar Round. The Calendar Round is still in use by
many groups in the Guatemalan highlands.
[6]
A different calendar was used to track longer periods
of time, and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e.,
identifying when one event occurred in relation to oth-ers). This is the Long Count. It is a count of days since a
mythological starting-point.
[7]
According to the correla-tion between the Long Count and Western calendars ac-cepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known
as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correla-tion), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114
BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September
in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). The GMT
correlationwaschosenbyJohnEricSydneyThompsonin
1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph Good-man in 1905 (August 11), Juan MartÃnez Hernández in
1926 (August 12), and Thompson himself in 1927 (Au-gust13).
[8]
Byitslinearnature, theLongCountwascapa-ble of being extended to refer to any date far into the past
or future. This calendar involved the use of a positional
notation system, in which each position signified an in-creasing multiple of the number of days. The Maya nu-meral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base 20),
and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the
unit of the position which preceded it. An important ex-ceptionwasmadeforthesecond-orderplacevalue,which
instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely
approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400
days. It should be noted however that the cycles of the
Long Count are independent of the solar year.
Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a
supplementary series, which provides information
on the lunar phase, number of the current lunation in a
series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night
rules.
Less-prevalentorpoorlyunderstoodcycles, combinations
and calendar progressions were also tracked. An 819-day
Count is attested in a few inscriptions. Repeating sets of
9 days (see below “Nine lords of the night”)
[9]
associated
with different groups of deities, animals, and other sig-nificant concepts are also known.
2 Tzolk'in
Main article: Tzolk'in
The tzolk'in (in modern Maya orthography; also com-monly written tzolkin) is the name commonly employed
by Mayanist researchers for the Maya Sacred Round
or 260-day calendar. The word tzolk'in is a neologism
coined in Yucatec Maya, to mean “count of days” (Coe
1992). The various names of this calendar as used by
precolumbian Maya peoples are still debated by scholars.
The Aztec calendar equivalent was called Tonalpohualli,
in the Nahuatl language.
The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day names with
the thirteen day numbers to produce 260 unique days. It
is used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial
events and for divination. Each successive day is num-bered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1. Sep-arately from this, every day is given a name in sequence
from a list of 20 day names:
Some systems started the count with 1 Imix', followed by
2Ik', 3Ak'b'al, etc. upto13B'en. Thedaynumbersthen
start again at 1 while the named-day sequence continues
onwards, sothenextdaysinthesequenceare1Ix, 2Men,
3 K'ib', 4 Kab'an, 5 Etz'nab', 6 Kawak, and 7 Ajaw. With
all twenty named days used, these now began to repeat
1
2 4 CALENDAR ROUND
the cycle while the number sequence continues, so the
next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix'. The repetition of these
interlocking 13- and 20-day cycles therefore takes 260
days to complete (that is, for every possible combination
of number/named day to occur once).
3 Haab'
Main article: Haab'
The Haab' was made up of eighteen months of twenty
days each plus a period of five days (“nameless days”)
at the end of the year known as Wayeb' (or Uayeb in
16th-centuryorthography). ThefivedaysofWayeb'were
thought to be a dangerous time. Foster (2002) writes,
“During Wayeb, portals between the mortal realm and
the Underworld dissolved. No boundaries prevented the
ill-intending deities from causing disasters.” To ward off
these evil spirits, the Maya had customs and rituals they
practiced during Wayeb'. For example, people avoided
leaving their houses and washing or combing their hair.
Bricker (1982) estimates that the Haab' was first used
around 550 BCE with a starting point of the winter sol-stice.
[15]
The Haab' month names are known today by their corre-sponding names in colonial-era Yukatek Maya, as tran-scribed by 16th-century sources (in particular, Diego de
Landa and books such as the Chilam Balam of Chu-mayel). Phonemic analyses of Haab' glyph names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions have demonstrated that the
names for these twenty-day periods varied considerably
from region to region and from period to period, reflect-ing differences in the base language(s) and usage in the
Classic and Postclassic eras predating their recording by
Spanish sources.
[16]
Each day in the Haab' calendar was identified by a day
number in the month followed by the name of the month.
Daynumbersbeganwithaglyphtranslatedasthe“seating
of” a named month, which is usually regarded as day 0 of
that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the
month preceding the named month. In the latter case, the
seating of Pop is day 5 of Wayeb'. For the majority, the
first day of the year was 0 Pop (the seating of Pop). This
was followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19 Pop then 0 Wo,
1 Wo and so on.
The Haab' year had exactly 365 days, and ignored the ex-tra quarter of day (approximately) in the actual tropical
year. This meant that the seasons moved with respect
to the calendar year by a quarter of a day each year, so
that the calendar months named after particular seasons
no longer corresponded to these seasons after a few cen-turies.
4 Calendar Round
A Calendar Round date is a date that gives both the
Tzolk'in and Haab'. This date will repeat after 52 Haab'
years or 18,980 days, a Calendar Round. For example,
the current creation started on 4 Ahau 8 Kumk'u. When
this date recurs it is known as a Calendar Round comple-tion.
Arithmetically, the duration of the Calendar Round is the
leastcommonmultipleof260and365; 18980is73×260
Tzolk’in days and 52 × 365 Haab’ days.
[17]
NoteverypossiblecombinationofTzolk'inandHaab'can
occur. For Tzolk'in days Imix, Kimi, Chwen and Kib',
the Haab' day can only be 4, 9, 14 or 19; for Ik', Manik',
Eb' and Kab'an, the Haab' day can only be 0, 5, 10 or 15;
for Akb'al', Lamat, B'en and Etz'nab', the Haab' day can
onlybe1,6,11or16; forK'an,Muluk,IxandKawak,the
Haab' day can only be 2, 7, 12 or 17; and for Chikchan,
Ok, Men and Ajaw, the Haab' day can only be 3, 8, 13 or
18.
4.1 Year Bearer
A “Year Bearer” is a Tzolk'in day name that occurs on
the first day of the Haab'. If the first day of the Haab' is 0
Pop, then each 0 Pop will coincide with a Tzolk'in date,
for example, 1 Ik' 0 Pop. Since there are twenty Tzolk'in
day names and the Haab' year has 365 days (20*18 + 5),
theTzolk'innameforeachsucceedingHaab'zerodaywill
be incremented by 5 in the cycle of day names like this:
1 Ik' 0 Pop
2 Manik' 0 Pop
3 Eb' 0 Pop
4 Kab'an 0 Pop
5 Ik' 0 Pop...
Only these four of the Tzolk'in day names can coincide
with 0 Pop, and these four are called the “Year Bearers”.
“Year Bearer” literally translates a Mayan concept.
[18]
Its
importance resides in two facts. For one, the four years
headed by the Year Bearers are named after them and
share their characteristics; therefore, they also have their
own prognostications and patron deities.
[19]
Moreover,
since the Year Bearers are geographically identified with
boundary markers or mountains, they help define the lo-cal community.
[20]
The classic system of Year Bearers described above is
foundatTikalandintheDresdenCodex. DuringtheLate
Classic period a different set of Year Bearers was in use
in Campeche. In this system, the Year Bearers were the
Tzolk'in that coincided with 1 Pop. These were Ak'b'al,
Lamat, B'en and Edz'nab. During the Post-Classic pe-riod in Yucatán a third system was in use. In this sys-tem the Year Bearers were the days that coincided with 2
Pop: K'an, Muluc, Ix andKawak. Thissystemisfoundin
the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. In addition, just before the
3
Spanish conquest in Mayapan the Maya began to number
the days of the Haab' from 1 to 20. In this system the
Year Bearers are the same as in the 1 Pop - Campeche
system. The Classic Year Bearer system is still in use
in the Guatemalan highlands
[21]
and in Veracruz, Oaxaca
and Chiapas, Mexico.
[22]
5 Long Count
East side of stela C, Quirigua with the mythical creation date of
13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 uinals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku -August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Main article: Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
Since Calendar Round dates repeat every 18,980 days,
approximately 52 solar years, the cycle repeats roughly
once each lifetime, so a more refined method of dat-ing was needed if history was to be recorded accu-rately. Tospecifydatesoverperiodslongerthan52years,
Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar.
The Maya name for a day was k'in. Twenty of these k'ins
are known as a winal or uinal. Eighteen winals make one
tun. Twenty tuns are known as a k'atun. Twenty k'atuns
make a b'ak'tun.
TheLongCountcalendaridentifiesadatebycountingthe
number of days from the Mayan creation date 4 Ahaw, 8
Kumk'u (August 11, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian
calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar). But in-stead of using a base-10 (decimal) scheme like Western
numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a modi-fied base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and
0.0.0.2.0isequalto40. Asthewinalunitresetsafteronly
counting to 18, the Long Count consistently uses base-20
only if the tun is considered the primary unit of measure-ment, not the k'in; with the k'in and winal units being the
numberofdaysinthetun. TheLongCount0.0.1.0.0rep-resents 360 days, rather than the 400 in a purely base-20
(vigesimal) count.
There are also four rarely used higher-order cycles:
piktun, kalabtun, k'inchiltun, and alautun.
Since the Long Count dates are unambiguous, the Long
Count was particularly well suited to use on monuments.
The monumental inscriptions would not only include the
5digitsoftheLongCount, butwouldalsoincludethetwo
tzolk'in characters followed by the two haab' characters.
Misinterpretation of the Mesoamerican Long Count cal-endar was the basis for a popular belief that a cataclysm
would take place on December 21, 2012. December 21,
2012wassimplythedaythatthecalendarwenttothenext
b'ak'tun, at Long Count 13.0.0.0.0. The date on which
the calendar will go to the next piktun (a complete series
of 20 b'ak'tuns), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be on
October 13, 4772.
Sandra Noble, executive director of the Mesoamerican
research organization Foundation for the Advancement
ofMesoamericanStudies,Inc. (FAMSI),notesthat“for
the ancient Maya, it was a huge celebration to make it to
the end of a whole cycle”. She considers the portrayal of
December 2012 as a doomsday or cosmic-shift event to
be“acompletefabricationandachanceforalotofpeople
to cash in.”
[23]
6 Supplementary Series
Many Classic period inscriptions include a series of
glyphs known as the Supplementary Series. The oper-ation of this series was largely worked out by John E.
Teeple (1874–1931). The Supplementary Series most
4 8 SHORT COUNT
commonly consists of the following elements:
6.1 Lords of the Night
Main article: Lords of the Night
Each night was ruled by one of the nine lords of the un-derworld. This nine day-cycle was usually written as two
glyphs: aglyphthatreferredtotheNineLordsasagroup,
followed by a glyph for the lord that would rule the next
night.
6.2 Lunar Series
A lunar Series generally is written as five glyphs that pro-vide information about the current lunation, the number
of the lunation in a series of six, the current ruling lunar
deity and the length of the current lunation.
6.2.1 Moon age
The Maya counted the number of days in the current lu-nation. They used two systems for the zero date of the
lunar cycle: either the first night they could see the thin
crescent moon or the first morning when they could not
see the waning moon.
[24]
The age of the moon was de-picted by a set of glyphs that mayanists coined glyphs D
and E:
Anewmoonglyphwasusedfordayzerointhelunar
cycle.
D glyphs were used for lunar ages for days 1 through
19,withthenumberofdaysthathadpassedfromthe
new moon.
For lunar ages 20 to 30, an E glyph was used, with
the number of days from 20.
6.2.2 Count of Lunations
The Maya counted the lunations. This cycle appears in
the lunar series as two glyphs that modern scholars call
the'C'and'X'glyphs. TheCglyphcouldbeprefixedwith
a number indicating the lunation. No prefixing number
meant one, whereas the numbers two through six indi-cated the other lunations.
[25][26]
There was also a part of
the C glyph that indicated where this fell in a larger cycle
of 18 lunations. Accompanying the C glyph was the 'X'
glyph that showed a similar pattern of 18 lunations.
[27][28]
6.2.3 Lunation length
Thepresenteralunarsynodicperiodisabout29.5305877
meansolardaysorabout29days12hours44minutesand
2+
7
/
9
seconds. As a whole number, the number of days
per lunation will be either 29 or 30 days, with 30-day in-tervals necessarily occurring slightly more than twice as
frequently as 29-day intervals. The Maya wrote whether
the lunar month was 29 or 30 days as two glyphs: a glyph
for lunation length followed by either a glyph made up of
a moon glyph over a bundle with a suffix of 9 for a 29-day
lunation or a moon glyph with a suffix of 10 for a 30-day
lunation. Since the Maya didn't use fractions, lunations
were approximated by using the formula that there were
149 lunations completed in 4400 days, which yielded a
rather short mean month of exactly
4400
/
149 = 29+
79
/
149
days = 29 days 12 hours 43 minutes and 29+
59
/
149
sec-onds, or about 29.5302 days.
[29]
7 819-day count
Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an
819-day count in their Initial Series. These can also
be found in the Dresden codex.
[30]
This is described in
Thompson.
[31]
More examples of this can be found in
Kelley.
[32]
Each group of 819 days was associated with
one of four colors and the cardinal direction with which
it was associated — black corresponded to west, red to
east, white to north, and yellow to south.
The 819-day count can be described several ways: Most
of these are referred to using a “Y” glyph and a num-ber. Many also have a glyph for K'awill — the god with a
smokingmirrorinhishead. K'awillhasbeensuggestedas
having a linkto Jupiter.
[33]
In theDresdencodex almanac
59 there are Chaacs of the four colors. The accompany-ing texts begin with a directional glyph and a verb for
819-day-count phrases. Anderson
[34]
provides a detailed
description of the 819-day count.
8 Short Count
During the late Classic period the Maya began to use an
abbreviated short count instead of the Long Count. An
example of this can be found on altar 14 at Tikal.
[35]
In
the kingdoms of Postclassic Yucatán, the Short Count
was used instead of the Long Count. The cyclical Short
Count is a count of 13 k'atuns (or 260 tuns), in which
each k'atun was named after its concluding day, Ahau
('Lord'). 1 Imix was selected as the recurrent 'first day'
of the cycle, corresponding to 1 Cipactli in the Aztec day
count. The cycle was counted from katun 11 Ahau to
katun 13 Ahau, with the coefficients of the katuns’ con-cluding days running in the order 11 – 9 – 7 – 5 – 3 – 1
– 12 – 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 – 13 Ahau (since a division of
20 × 360 days by 13 falls 2 days short). The concluding
day 13 Ahau was followed by the re-entering first day 1
Imix. This is the system as found in the colonial Books of
Chilam Balam. In characteristic Mesoamerican fashion,
these books project the cycle onto the landscape, with 13
5
Ahauob 'Lordships’ dividing the land of Yucatán into 13
'kingdoms’.
[36]
9 See also
2012 phenomenon
Maya religion
Mayanism
Tres Zapotes#Stela C
Maya Astronomy
Aztec calendar
10 Notes
[1] Tedlock, Barbara, Time and the Highland Maya Revised
edition (1992 Page 1) “Scores of indigenous Guatemalan
communities, principally those speaking the Mayan lan-guages known as Ixil, Mam, PokomchÃ, and Quiché, keep
the 260-day cycle and (in many cases) the ancient solar
cycle as well (chapter 4).”
[2] Miles, Susanna W, “An Analysis of the Modern Middle
American Calendars: A Study in Conservation.” In Ac-culturation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
[3] “Maya Calendar Origins: Monuments, Mythistory, and
the Materialization of Time”.
[4] See entry on Itzamna, in Miller and Taube (1993), pp.99–
100.
[5] Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (1988).
Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: Documento de referencia
para la pronunciación de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales.
Guatemala City: Instituto Indigenista Nacional.. For de-tails and notes on adoption among the Mayanist commu-nity, see Kettunen & Hemke (2005), p. 5
[6] Tedlock (1992), p. 1
[7] “Mythological”inthesensethatwhentheLongCountwas
first devised sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic, long
after this date; see e.g. Miller and Taube (1993, p.50).
[8] Voss (2006, p.138)
[9] See separate brief Wikipedia article Lords of the Night
[10] Kettunen and Helmke (2011),Different Tzolk'in date of
name, pp.58–59
[11] Classic-era reconstructions are as per Kettunen and
Helmke (2005), pp.45–46..
[12] Kettunen and Helmke (2005), pp.47–48
[13] ThesenamescomefromdeLanda’sdescriptionofthecal-endar, and they are commonly used by Mayanists, but the
Classic Maya did not use these actual names for the day
signs. Theoriginalnamesareunknown. SeeCoe,Michael
D.; Mark L Van Stone (2005). Reading the Maya Glyphs.
London: Thames & Hudson. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-500-28553-4.
[14] Coe, Michael D.; Mark L Van Stone (2005). Reading the
Maya Glyphs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 43. ISBN
978-0-500-28553-4.
[15] Zero Pop actually fell on the same day as the solstice on
12/27/−575, 12/27/−574, 12/27/−573, and 12/26/−572
(astronomical year numbering, Universal Time), if you
don'taccountforthefactthattheMayaregionisinroughly
time zone UT−6. See IMCCE seasons. Archived March
1, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
[16] Boot (2002), pp.111–114.
[17] For further details, see Thompson 1966: 123-124
[18] Thompson 1966: 124
[19] ForathoroughtreatmentoftheYearBearers, seeTedlock
1992: 89-90; 99-104 and Thompson 1966
[20] See Coe 1965
[21] Tedlock 1992: 92
[22] Miles, Susanna W, “An Analysis of the Modern Middle
AmericanCalendars: AStudyinConservation.”InAccul-turation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, pp. 273-84.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
[23] As quoted in USA Today (MacDonald 2007).
[24] Thompson, J. Eric S. Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, 1950
Page 236
[25] Teeple 1931:53
[26] Thompson Maya Hieroglyphic Writing 1950:240
[27] Linden 1996:343-356.
[28] Schele, Grube, Fahsen 1992
[29] Teeple 1931:67
[30] Grofe, MichaelJohn2007TheSerpentSeries: Precession
in the Maya Dresden Codex page 55 p.206
[31] Maya Hieroglyphic Writing 1961 pp. 212-217
[32] Decipherment of Maya Script , David Kelley 1973
pp.56—57
[33] Star Gods of the Maya Susan Milbrath 1999, University
of Texas Press
[34] “Lloyd B. Anderson The Mayan 819-day Count and the
“Y” Glyph: A Probable association with Jupiter”. Tra-ditional High Cultures Home Page. Retrieved March 30,
2015.
[35] Coe, William R. 'TIKAL a handbook of the ancient Maya
Ruins’ The University Museum of the University of Penn-sylvalia, Philadelphia, Pa. 1967 p. 114
[36] Roys 1967: 132, 184–185
6 11 REFERENCES
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Tozzer, Alfred M. notes, trans., ed.
(1941). Landa’s Relación de las
cosasdeYucatán: atranslation. Pa-pers of the Peabody Museum of
American Archaeology and Eth-nology, Harvard University vol. 18.
Charles P. Bowditch and Ralph L.
Roys (additional trans.) (transla-tion of Diego de Landa's Relación
de las cosas de Yucatán [original
c. 1566], with notes, commen-tary, and appendices incorporat-ing translated excerpts of works
by Gaspar Antonio Chi, Tomás
López Medel, Francisco Cervantes
de Salazar, and Antonio de Her-rera y Tordesillas. English ed.).
Cambridge, MA: Peabody Mu-seum of Archaeology and Ethnol-ogy. OCLC 625693.
Voss, Alexander (2006). “Astron-omy and Mathematics”. In Nikolai
Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings
of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht
andMatthiasSeidel(assistanteds.).
Cologne, Germany: Könemann.
pp. 130–143. ISBN 978-3-8331-1957-6. OCLC 71165439.
12 External links
Day Symbols of the Maya Year at Project Gutenberg
1897 text by Cyrus Thomas
date converter at FAMSI This converter uses the Ju-lian/Gregoriancalendarandincludesthe819daycy-cle and lunar age.
Interactive Maya Calendars
Maya Calendar, Date conversions, contemporary
year version, Tzolkin and Haab day in Calendar
Rounds
8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
13.1 Text
Maya calendar Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar?oldid=707284394 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Tarquin, XJaM,
Shii, Karl Palmen, Leandrod, Infrogmation, Gmalivuk, Nixdorf, Ixfd64, Gnomon42, Looxix~enwiki, Mgimpel~enwiki, Bluelion, Jebba,
Rl, Kiyote23, Tom Peters, Andrewman327, Doradus, Stormie, Slawojarek, Twang, Phil Boswell, Sander123, Kizor, Moncrief, Altenmann,
Rursus, Mlaine, Jondel, Sunray, Mervyn, Hadal, Wereon, Raeky, Dylanwhs, Matt Gies, Christopher Parham, Mporter, Numerao, Gus
Polly, Joe Kress, Alanl, OldakQuill, SoWhy, Geni, SURIV, Antandrus, Beland, Kaldari, Jossi, Ruzulo, Qleem, Icairns, CesarFelipe, Yos-sarian, Joyous!, Terabyte~enwiki, Intrigue, Illarkul, Eep², Mike Rosoft, Perey, Poccil, CALR, Discospinster, Pavel Vozenilek, ESkog, El C,
Straydog2012, Bobo192, Smalljim, Chirag, Roy da Vinci, Kundor, Mh26, Zetawoof, Nsaa, Alansohn, Arthena, Jimbobboy, Fritzpoll, Red-farmer, Flata, Seancdaug, Malo, Wtmitchell, Mononoke~enwiki, Velella, Brock, RainbowOfLight, Bsadowski1, Jguk, LukeSurl, Blaxthos,
SmthManly, Japanese Searobin, FeanorStar7, Camw, BlankVerse, Ruud Koot, WadeSimMiser, Netdragon, Jeff3000, Astrowob, Tabletop,
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Razin, YamamotoIchiro, FayssalF,Mark272, FlaBot, Patrick1982, IanPitchford, Softpaw, BennieNoakes, Wingsandsword, Imnotminkus,
CJLL Wright, Chobot, Jared Preston, JesseGarrett, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sortan, WAvegetarian, Xihr, Yamara, Hydrar-gyrum, Stephenb, Lusanaherandraton, Nirvana2013, Grafen, Erielhonan, Ptcamn, Psora, Howcheng, Midnite Blue Ice, Ooble, Dogcow,
Pyg, Joxy~enwiki, Maunus, Emijrp, KGasso, Petri Krohn, Nikitchenko, Allens, NeilN, John Broughton, Cmglee, DVD R W, One, Smack-Bot, Windom, Moeron, RockRockOn, Jab843, Monz, ComaDivine, GraemeMcRae, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Krizoitz,
Saros136, Jprg1966, Timneu22, Dancingshiva, Laslovarga, Saberlotus, JedOs, MJBurrage, Nixeagle, God of War, EvelinaB, Rrburke, Brit-max, RedHillian, Celarnor, UU, Madman2001, Thorsen, Ligulembot, Jmdyck, J.smith, Bejnar, Kukini, GameKeeper, Ged UK, Will Be-back, Crontab, ArglebargleIV, Uinclan, Maschinenjunge, JohnI, Agentscott00, Pskykosys, Crfm.045, IronGargoyle, Ben Moore, 041744,
Avs5221, Jpetersen46321, Meco, Marhawkman, Novangelis, MTSbot~enwiki, Caiaffa, Tawkerbot, Volpane, Iridescent, NEMT, Dom-sta333, Igoldste, ThePoppaBear, Courcelles, ChemicalBit, Eluchil404, Dlohcierekim, Filelakeshoe, George100, Kurtan~enwiki, SeL, Xod,
JForget, Mellery, Tanthalas39, Deon, Myrrhlin, Goodrob, JohnCD, Grr, Dgw, Hookjaw, NickW557, Reywas92, Zginder, Otto4711, Far-rellm, Chasingsol, Q43, Doug Weller, Necessary Truths, DumbBOT, SteveMcCluskey, Hitrish, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Jonathanbethel,
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SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Mifter, Alexius08, Noctibus, Mark8623, Thatguyflint, Blissdream designer, Kodster, Cxz111, Willking1979, Lit-tle sawyer, DOI bot, Tcncv, Captain-tucker, Blueelectricstorm, FeRD NYC, Ronhjones, Akodautse, Jaeger123, Undefineddanger, Cst17,
Download, Morning277, Glane23, Shinmoku, LinkFA-Bot, Joomple, Theking17825, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Pietrow, Luckas Blade, Japf,
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ArthurBot, Xqbot, Steve43021, Splutboy, C2onnor, Melmann, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, Wayne Roberson, Austin, Texas, Wperdue,
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Ranogrok, Ginsuloft, Quenhitran, Jackmcbarn, Manul, 3edw, Rcehy, Manuel chuenquitze, Monkbot, Vieque, BethNaught, JESUS WHY,
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13.2 Images 9
13.2 Images
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10 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
13.3 Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in many modern commu-nities in the Guatemalan highlands,
[1]
Veracruz, Oaxaca
and Chiapas, Mexico.
[2]
The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a
system which had been in common use throughout the
region, dating back to at least the 5th century BCE. It
shares many aspects with calendars employed by other
earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec
and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the
Mixtec and Aztec calendars.
[3]
By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in
Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late
Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna
is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of
the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with
writingingeneralandotherfoundationalaspectsofMaya
culture.
[4]
1 Overview
The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or counts of
differentlengths. The260-daycountisknowntoscholars
as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in.
[5]
The Tzolkin was combined
with a 365-day vague solar year known as the Haab' to
form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haab', called the
Calendar Round. The Calendar Round is still in use by
many groups in the Guatemalan highlands.
[6]
A different calendar was used to track longer periods
of time, and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e.,
identifying when one event occurred in relation to oth-ers). This is the Long Count. It is a count of days since a
mythological starting-point.
[7]
According to the correla-tion between the Long Count and Western calendars ac-cepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known
as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correla-tion), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114
BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September
in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). The GMT
correlationwaschosenbyJohnEricSydneyThompsonin
1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph Good-man in 1905 (August 11), Juan MartÃnez Hernández in
1926 (August 12), and Thompson himself in 1927 (Au-gust13).
[8]
Byitslinearnature, theLongCountwascapa-ble of being extended to refer to any date far into the past
or future. This calendar involved the use of a positional
notation system, in which each position signified an in-creasing multiple of the number of days. The Maya nu-meral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base 20),
and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the
unit of the position which preceded it. An important ex-ceptionwasmadeforthesecond-orderplacevalue,which
instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely
approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400
days. It should be noted however that the cycles of the
Long Count are independent of the solar year.
Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a
supplementary series, which provides information
on the lunar phase, number of the current lunation in a
series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night
rules.
Less-prevalentorpoorlyunderstoodcycles, combinations
and calendar progressions were also tracked. An 819-day
Count is attested in a few inscriptions. Repeating sets of
9 days (see below “Nine lords of the night”)
[9]
associated
with different groups of deities, animals, and other sig-nificant concepts are also known.
2 Tzolk'in
Main article: Tzolk'in
The tzolk'in (in modern Maya orthography; also com-monly written tzolkin) is the name commonly employed
by Mayanist researchers for the Maya Sacred Round
or 260-day calendar. The word tzolk'in is a neologism
coined in Yucatec Maya, to mean “count of days” (Coe
1992). The various names of this calendar as used by
precolumbian Maya peoples are still debated by scholars.
The Aztec calendar equivalent was called Tonalpohualli,
in the Nahuatl language.
The tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day names with
the thirteen day numbers to produce 260 unique days. It
is used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial
events and for divination. Each successive day is num-bered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1. Sep-arately from this, every day is given a name in sequence
from a list of 20 day names:
Some systems started the count with 1 Imix', followed by
2Ik', 3Ak'b'al, etc. upto13B'en. Thedaynumbersthen
start again at 1 while the named-day sequence continues
onwards, sothenextdaysinthesequenceare1Ix, 2Men,
3 K'ib', 4 Kab'an, 5 Etz'nab', 6 Kawak, and 7 Ajaw. With
all twenty named days used, these now began to repeat
1
2 4 CALENDAR ROUND
the cycle while the number sequence continues, so the
next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix'. The repetition of these
interlocking 13- and 20-day cycles therefore takes 260
days to complete (that is, for every possible combination
of number/named day to occur once).
3 Haab'
Main article: Haab'
The Haab' was made up of eighteen months of twenty
days each plus a period of five days (“nameless days”)
at the end of the year known as Wayeb' (or Uayeb in
16th-centuryorthography). ThefivedaysofWayeb'were
thought to be a dangerous time. Foster (2002) writes,
“During Wayeb, portals between the mortal realm and
the Underworld dissolved. No boundaries prevented the
ill-intending deities from causing disasters.” To ward off
these evil spirits, the Maya had customs and rituals they
practiced during Wayeb'. For example, people avoided
leaving their houses and washing or combing their hair.
Bricker (1982) estimates that the Haab' was first used
around 550 BCE with a starting point of the winter sol-stice.
[15]
The Haab' month names are known today by their corre-sponding names in colonial-era Yukatek Maya, as tran-scribed by 16th-century sources (in particular, Diego de
Landa and books such as the Chilam Balam of Chu-mayel). Phonemic analyses of Haab' glyph names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions have demonstrated that the
names for these twenty-day periods varied considerably
from region to region and from period to period, reflect-ing differences in the base language(s) and usage in the
Classic and Postclassic eras predating their recording by
Spanish sources.
[16]
Each day in the Haab' calendar was identified by a day
number in the month followed by the name of the month.
Daynumbersbeganwithaglyphtranslatedasthe“seating
of” a named month, which is usually regarded as day 0 of
that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the
month preceding the named month. In the latter case, the
seating of Pop is day 5 of Wayeb'. For the majority, the
first day of the year was 0 Pop (the seating of Pop). This
was followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19 Pop then 0 Wo,
1 Wo and so on.
The Haab' year had exactly 365 days, and ignored the ex-tra quarter of day (approximately) in the actual tropical
year. This meant that the seasons moved with respect
to the calendar year by a quarter of a day each year, so
that the calendar months named after particular seasons
no longer corresponded to these seasons after a few cen-turies.
4 Calendar Round
A Calendar Round date is a date that gives both the
Tzolk'in and Haab'. This date will repeat after 52 Haab'
years or 18,980 days, a Calendar Round. For example,
the current creation started on 4 Ahau 8 Kumk'u. When
this date recurs it is known as a Calendar Round comple-tion.
Arithmetically, the duration of the Calendar Round is the
leastcommonmultipleof260and365; 18980is73×260
Tzolk’in days and 52 × 365 Haab’ days.
[17]
NoteverypossiblecombinationofTzolk'inandHaab'can
occur. For Tzolk'in days Imix, Kimi, Chwen and Kib',
the Haab' day can only be 4, 9, 14 or 19; for Ik', Manik',
Eb' and Kab'an, the Haab' day can only be 0, 5, 10 or 15;
for Akb'al', Lamat, B'en and Etz'nab', the Haab' day can
onlybe1,6,11or16; forK'an,Muluk,IxandKawak,the
Haab' day can only be 2, 7, 12 or 17; and for Chikchan,
Ok, Men and Ajaw, the Haab' day can only be 3, 8, 13 or
18.
4.1 Year Bearer
A “Year Bearer” is a Tzolk'in day name that occurs on
the first day of the Haab'. If the first day of the Haab' is 0
Pop, then each 0 Pop will coincide with a Tzolk'in date,
for example, 1 Ik' 0 Pop. Since there are twenty Tzolk'in
day names and the Haab' year has 365 days (20*18 + 5),
theTzolk'innameforeachsucceedingHaab'zerodaywill
be incremented by 5 in the cycle of day names like this:
1 Ik' 0 Pop
2 Manik' 0 Pop
3 Eb' 0 Pop
4 Kab'an 0 Pop
5 Ik' 0 Pop...
Only these four of the Tzolk'in day names can coincide
with 0 Pop, and these four are called the “Year Bearers”.
“Year Bearer” literally translates a Mayan concept.
[18]
Its
importance resides in two facts. For one, the four years
headed by the Year Bearers are named after them and
share their characteristics; therefore, they also have their
own prognostications and patron deities.
[19]
Moreover,
since the Year Bearers are geographically identified with
boundary markers or mountains, they help define the lo-cal community.
[20]
The classic system of Year Bearers described above is
foundatTikalandintheDresdenCodex. DuringtheLate
Classic period a different set of Year Bearers was in use
in Campeche. In this system, the Year Bearers were the
Tzolk'in that coincided with 1 Pop. These were Ak'b'al,
Lamat, B'en and Edz'nab. During the Post-Classic pe-riod in Yucatán a third system was in use. In this sys-tem the Year Bearers were the days that coincided with 2
Pop: K'an, Muluc, Ix andKawak. Thissystemisfoundin
the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. In addition, just before the
3
Spanish conquest in Mayapan the Maya began to number
the days of the Haab' from 1 to 20. In this system the
Year Bearers are the same as in the 1 Pop - Campeche
system. The Classic Year Bearer system is still in use
in the Guatemalan highlands
[21]
and in Veracruz, Oaxaca
and Chiapas, Mexico.
[22]
5 Long Count
East side of stela C, Quirigua with the mythical creation date of
13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 uinals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku -August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Main article: Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
Since Calendar Round dates repeat every 18,980 days,
approximately 52 solar years, the cycle repeats roughly
once each lifetime, so a more refined method of dat-ing was needed if history was to be recorded accu-rately. Tospecifydatesoverperiodslongerthan52years,
Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar.
The Maya name for a day was k'in. Twenty of these k'ins
are known as a winal or uinal. Eighteen winals make one
tun. Twenty tuns are known as a k'atun. Twenty k'atuns
make a b'ak'tun.
TheLongCountcalendaridentifiesadatebycountingthe
number of days from the Mayan creation date 4 Ahaw, 8
Kumk'u (August 11, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian
calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar). But in-stead of using a base-10 (decimal) scheme like Western
numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a modi-fied base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and
0.0.0.2.0isequalto40. Asthewinalunitresetsafteronly
counting to 18, the Long Count consistently uses base-20
only if the tun is considered the primary unit of measure-ment, not the k'in; with the k'in and winal units being the
numberofdaysinthetun. TheLongCount0.0.1.0.0rep-resents 360 days, rather than the 400 in a purely base-20
(vigesimal) count.
There are also four rarely used higher-order cycles:
piktun, kalabtun, k'inchiltun, and alautun.
Since the Long Count dates are unambiguous, the Long
Count was particularly well suited to use on monuments.
The monumental inscriptions would not only include the
5digitsoftheLongCount, butwouldalsoincludethetwo
tzolk'in characters followed by the two haab' characters.
Misinterpretation of the Mesoamerican Long Count cal-endar was the basis for a popular belief that a cataclysm
would take place on December 21, 2012. December 21,
2012wassimplythedaythatthecalendarwenttothenext
b'ak'tun, at Long Count 13.0.0.0.0. The date on which
the calendar will go to the next piktun (a complete series
of 20 b'ak'tuns), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be on
October 13, 4772.
Sandra Noble, executive director of the Mesoamerican
research organization Foundation for the Advancement
ofMesoamericanStudies,Inc. (FAMSI),notesthat“for
the ancient Maya, it was a huge celebration to make it to
the end of a whole cycle”. She considers the portrayal of
December 2012 as a doomsday or cosmic-shift event to
be“acompletefabricationandachanceforalotofpeople
to cash in.”
[23]
6 Supplementary Series
Many Classic period inscriptions include a series of
glyphs known as the Supplementary Series. The oper-ation of this series was largely worked out by John E.
Teeple (1874–1931). The Supplementary Series most
4 8 SHORT COUNT
commonly consists of the following elements:
6.1 Lords of the Night
Main article: Lords of the Night
Each night was ruled by one of the nine lords of the un-derworld. This nine day-cycle was usually written as two
glyphs: aglyphthatreferredtotheNineLordsasagroup,
followed by a glyph for the lord that would rule the next
night.
6.2 Lunar Series
A lunar Series generally is written as five glyphs that pro-vide information about the current lunation, the number
of the lunation in a series of six, the current ruling lunar
deity and the length of the current lunation.
6.2.1 Moon age
The Maya counted the number of days in the current lu-nation. They used two systems for the zero date of the
lunar cycle: either the first night they could see the thin
crescent moon or the first morning when they could not
see the waning moon.
[24]
The age of the moon was de-picted by a set of glyphs that mayanists coined glyphs D
and E:
Anewmoonglyphwasusedfordayzerointhelunar
cycle.
D glyphs were used for lunar ages for days 1 through
19,withthenumberofdaysthathadpassedfromthe
new moon.
For lunar ages 20 to 30, an E glyph was used, with
the number of days from 20.
6.2.2 Count of Lunations
The Maya counted the lunations. This cycle appears in
the lunar series as two glyphs that modern scholars call
the'C'and'X'glyphs. TheCglyphcouldbeprefixedwith
a number indicating the lunation. No prefixing number
meant one, whereas the numbers two through six indi-cated the other lunations.
[25][26]
There was also a part of
the C glyph that indicated where this fell in a larger cycle
of 18 lunations. Accompanying the C glyph was the 'X'
glyph that showed a similar pattern of 18 lunations.
[27][28]
6.2.3 Lunation length
Thepresenteralunarsynodicperiodisabout29.5305877
meansolardaysorabout29days12hours44minutesand
2+
7
/
9
seconds. As a whole number, the number of days
per lunation will be either 29 or 30 days, with 30-day in-tervals necessarily occurring slightly more than twice as
frequently as 29-day intervals. The Maya wrote whether
the lunar month was 29 or 30 days as two glyphs: a glyph
for lunation length followed by either a glyph made up of
a moon glyph over a bundle with a suffix of 9 for a 29-day
lunation or a moon glyph with a suffix of 10 for a 30-day
lunation. Since the Maya didn't use fractions, lunations
were approximated by using the formula that there were
149 lunations completed in 4400 days, which yielded a
rather short mean month of exactly
4400
/
149 = 29+
79
/
149
days = 29 days 12 hours 43 minutes and 29+
59
/
149
sec-onds, or about 29.5302 days.
[29]
7 819-day count
Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an
819-day count in their Initial Series. These can also
be found in the Dresden codex.
[30]
This is described in
Thompson.
[31]
More examples of this can be found in
Kelley.
[32]
Each group of 819 days was associated with
one of four colors and the cardinal direction with which
it was associated — black corresponded to west, red to
east, white to north, and yellow to south.
The 819-day count can be described several ways: Most
of these are referred to using a “Y” glyph and a num-ber. Many also have a glyph for K'awill — the god with a
smokingmirrorinhishead. K'awillhasbeensuggestedas
having a linkto Jupiter.
[33]
In theDresdencodex almanac
59 there are Chaacs of the four colors. The accompany-ing texts begin with a directional glyph and a verb for
819-day-count phrases. Anderson
[34]
provides a detailed
description of the 819-day count.
8 Short Count
During the late Classic period the Maya began to use an
abbreviated short count instead of the Long Count. An
example of this can be found on altar 14 at Tikal.
[35]
In
the kingdoms of Postclassic Yucatán, the Short Count
was used instead of the Long Count. The cyclical Short
Count is a count of 13 k'atuns (or 260 tuns), in which
each k'atun was named after its concluding day, Ahau
('Lord'). 1 Imix was selected as the recurrent 'first day'
of the cycle, corresponding to 1 Cipactli in the Aztec day
count. The cycle was counted from katun 11 Ahau to
katun 13 Ahau, with the coefficients of the katuns’ con-cluding days running in the order 11 – 9 – 7 – 5 – 3 – 1
– 12 – 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 – 13 Ahau (since a division of
20 × 360 days by 13 falls 2 days short). The concluding
day 13 Ahau was followed by the re-entering first day 1
Imix. This is the system as found in the colonial Books of
Chilam Balam. In characteristic Mesoamerican fashion,
these books project the cycle onto the landscape, with 13
5
Ahauob 'Lordships’ dividing the land of Yucatán into 13
'kingdoms’.
[36]
9 See also
2012 phenomenon
Maya religion
Mayanism
Tres Zapotes#Stela C
Maya Astronomy
Aztec calendar
10 Notes
[1] Tedlock, Barbara, Time and the Highland Maya Revised
edition (1992 Page 1) “Scores of indigenous Guatemalan
communities, principally those speaking the Mayan lan-guages known as Ixil, Mam, PokomchÃ, and Quiché, keep
the 260-day cycle and (in many cases) the ancient solar
cycle as well (chapter 4).”
[2] Miles, Susanna W, “An Analysis of the Modern Middle
American Calendars: A Study in Conservation.” In Ac-culturation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
[3] “Maya Calendar Origins: Monuments, Mythistory, and
the Materialization of Time”.
[4] See entry on Itzamna, in Miller and Taube (1993), pp.99–
100.
[5] Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (1988).
Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: Documento de referencia
para la pronunciación de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales.
Guatemala City: Instituto Indigenista Nacional.. For de-tails and notes on adoption among the Mayanist commu-nity, see Kettunen & Hemke (2005), p. 5
[6] Tedlock (1992), p. 1
[7] “Mythological”inthesensethatwhentheLongCountwas
first devised sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic, long
after this date; see e.g. Miller and Taube (1993, p.50).
[8] Voss (2006, p.138)
[9] See separate brief Wikipedia article Lords of the Night
[10] Kettunen and Helmke (2011),Different Tzolk'in date of
name, pp.58–59
[11] Classic-era reconstructions are as per Kettunen and
Helmke (2005), pp.45–46..
[12] Kettunen and Helmke (2005), pp.47–48
[13] ThesenamescomefromdeLanda’sdescriptionofthecal-endar, and they are commonly used by Mayanists, but the
Classic Maya did not use these actual names for the day
signs. Theoriginalnamesareunknown. SeeCoe,Michael
D.; Mark L Van Stone (2005). Reading the Maya Glyphs.
London: Thames & Hudson. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-500-28553-4.
[14] Coe, Michael D.; Mark L Van Stone (2005). Reading the
Maya Glyphs. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 43. ISBN
978-0-500-28553-4.
[15] Zero Pop actually fell on the same day as the solstice on
12/27/−575, 12/27/−574, 12/27/−573, and 12/26/−572
(astronomical year numbering, Universal Time), if you
don'taccountforthefactthattheMayaregionisinroughly
time zone UT−6. See IMCCE seasons. Archived March
1, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
[16] Boot (2002), pp.111–114.
[17] For further details, see Thompson 1966: 123-124
[18] Thompson 1966: 124
[19] ForathoroughtreatmentoftheYearBearers, seeTedlock
1992: 89-90; 99-104 and Thompson 1966
[20] See Coe 1965
[21] Tedlock 1992: 92
[22] Miles, Susanna W, “An Analysis of the Modern Middle
AmericanCalendars: AStudyinConservation.”InAccul-turation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, pp. 273-84.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
[23] As quoted in USA Today (MacDonald 2007).
[24] Thompson, J. Eric S. Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, 1950
Page 236
[25] Teeple 1931:53
[26] Thompson Maya Hieroglyphic Writing 1950:240
[27] Linden 1996:343-356.
[28] Schele, Grube, Fahsen 1992
[29] Teeple 1931:67
[30] Grofe, MichaelJohn2007TheSerpentSeries: Precession
in the Maya Dresden Codex page 55 p.206
[31] Maya Hieroglyphic Writing 1961 pp. 212-217
[32] Decipherment of Maya Script , David Kelley 1973
pp.56—57
[33] Star Gods of the Maya Susan Milbrath 1999, University
of Texas Press
[34] “Lloyd B. Anderson The Mayan 819-day Count and the
“Y” Glyph: A Probable association with Jupiter”. Tra-ditional High Cultures Home Page. Retrieved March 30,
2015.
[35] Coe, William R. 'TIKAL a handbook of the ancient Maya
Ruins’ The University Museum of the University of Penn-sylvalia, Philadelphia, Pa. 1967 p. 114
[36] Roys 1967: 132, 184–185
6 11 REFERENCES
11 References
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12 External links
Day Symbols of the Maya Year at Project Gutenberg
1897 text by Cyrus Thomas
date converter at FAMSI This converter uses the Ju-lian/Gregoriancalendarandincludesthe819daycy-cle and lunar age.
Interactive Maya Calendars
Maya Calendar, Date conversions, contemporary
year version, Tzolkin and Haab day in Calendar
Rounds
8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
13.1 Text
Maya calendar Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar?oldid=707284394 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Tarquin, XJaM,
Shii, Karl Palmen, Leandrod, Infrogmation, Gmalivuk, Nixdorf, Ixfd64, Gnomon42, Looxix~enwiki, Mgimpel~enwiki, Bluelion, Jebba,
Rl, Kiyote23, Tom Peters, Andrewman327, Doradus, Stormie, Slawojarek, Twang, Phil Boswell, Sander123, Kizor, Moncrief, Altenmann,
Rursus, Mlaine, Jondel, Sunray, Mervyn, Hadal, Wereon, Raeky, Dylanwhs, Matt Gies, Christopher Parham, Mporter, Numerao, Gus
Polly, Joe Kress, Alanl, OldakQuill, SoWhy, Geni, SURIV, Antandrus, Beland, Kaldari, Jossi, Ruzulo, Qleem, Icairns, CesarFelipe, Yos-sarian, Joyous!, Terabyte~enwiki, Intrigue, Illarkul, Eep², Mike Rosoft, Perey, Poccil, CALR, Discospinster, Pavel Vozenilek, ESkog, El C,
Straydog2012, Bobo192, Smalljim, Chirag, Roy da Vinci, Kundor, Mh26, Zetawoof, Nsaa, Alansohn, Arthena, Jimbobboy, Fritzpoll, Red-farmer, Flata, Seancdaug, Malo, Wtmitchell, Mononoke~enwiki, Velella, Brock, RainbowOfLight, Bsadowski1, Jguk, LukeSurl, Blaxthos,
SmthManly, Japanese Searobin, FeanorStar7, Camw, BlankVerse, Ruud Koot, WadeSimMiser, Netdragon, Jeff3000, Astrowob, Tabletop,
Prashanthns, Rgbea, Dysepsion, Marskell, KyuuA4, Jclemens, Jwhouk, Rjwilmsi, E. Underwood, Tawker, Ligulem, MarnetteD, Maxim
Razin, YamamotoIchiro, FayssalF,Mark272, FlaBot, Patrick1982, IanPitchford, Softpaw, BennieNoakes, Wingsandsword, Imnotminkus,
CJLL Wright, Chobot, Jared Preston, JesseGarrett, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sortan, WAvegetarian, Xihr, Yamara, Hydrar-gyrum, Stephenb, Lusanaherandraton, Nirvana2013, Grafen, Erielhonan, Ptcamn, Psora, Howcheng, Midnite Blue Ice, Ooble, Dogcow,
Pyg, Joxy~enwiki, Maunus, Emijrp, KGasso, Petri Krohn, Nikitchenko, Allens, NeilN, John Broughton, Cmglee, DVD R W, One, Smack-Bot, Windom, Moeron, RockRockOn, Jab843, Monz, ComaDivine, GraemeMcRae, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Krizoitz,
Saros136, Jprg1966, Timneu22, Dancingshiva, Laslovarga, Saberlotus, JedOs, MJBurrage, Nixeagle, God of War, EvelinaB, Rrburke, Brit-max, RedHillian, Celarnor, UU, Madman2001, Thorsen, Ligulembot, Jmdyck, J.smith, Bejnar, Kukini, GameKeeper, Ged UK, Will Be-back, Crontab, ArglebargleIV, Uinclan, Maschinenjunge, JohnI, Agentscott00, Pskykosys, Crfm.045, IronGargoyle, Ben Moore, 041744,
Avs5221, Jpetersen46321, Meco, Marhawkman, Novangelis, MTSbot~enwiki, Caiaffa, Tawkerbot, Volpane, Iridescent, NEMT, Dom-sta333, Igoldste, ThePoppaBear, Courcelles, ChemicalBit, Eluchil404, Dlohcierekim, Filelakeshoe, George100, Kurtan~enwiki, SeL, Xod,
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13.2 Images 9
13.2 Images
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10 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
13.3 Content license
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